Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that interferes with one’s ability to listen, think, speak, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. Individuals with SLD may struggle with reading (Dyslexia), writing (Dysgraphia), or mathematics (Dyscalculia).

Symptoms of an SLD

The diagnosis of SLD requires the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least six months, despite any targeted interventions:

✽ Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading

Reads single words aloud incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words.

✽ Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read

May read text accurately but not understand the sequence, relationships, inferences, or deeper meanings of what is read.

✽ Difficulties with spelling

May add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants.

✽ Difficulties with written expression

Makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lacks clarity.

✽ Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation

Has poor understanding of numbers, their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math fact as peers do; gets lost amid arithmetic computation and may switch procedures.

✽ Difficulties with mathematical reasoning

Has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or techniques to solve quantitative problems.

Individuals with an SLD might face issues academically. As academic demands increase, the signs and symptoms are likely to grow more obvious.

Severity of SLDs

Mild: Some difficulties with learning in one or two academic areas, but may be able to compensate.
Moderate: Significant difficulties with learning, requiring some specialized teaching and some accommodations or supportive services.
Severe: Severe difficulties with learning, affecting several academic areas and requiring ongoing intensive specialized teaching.

Treatment for SLDs

There is currently no cure for SLDs. However, with timely intervention and support, individuals can learn to cope well with the symptoms. Listed below are some programmes that provide such support:

✽ Individualised Education Programmes

Focuses on strengthening the skills and developing a learning strategy tailored to take advantage of an individual’s strengths.

E.g. Repetition and mnemonic devices might make it easier to memorize math formulas, or drawing to illustrate a word problem could help with better visualization of the concept

✽ Special Education (SPED) Schools

In Singapore, students diagnosed with SLD may opt to attend Special Education schools. These schools have more targeted and specialised support to help students with learning disabilities.

Pathlight
Eden School
AWWA
Rainbow Centre
Metta School

✽ Learning Support Programmes

In mainstream schools in Singapore, teachers in these programmes teach students with SLDs in smaller groups, with classes tailored to students’ needs.

Students who are identified with dyslexia will also undergo a 2-year remediation programme.

✽ Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), in particular, may also help treat the emotional and behavioural issues that may accompany SLD.

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Gentle Start-Up in Couples Communication

What is a Gentle Start-up?

Effective communication is the foundation of any healthy relationship, and this holds for couples as well. A gentle start-up in communication refers to initiating a conversation with care, empathy, and respect. It’s about setting a positive tone for the discussion, which is essential in ensuring both partners feel heard and understood.

In Asian households, where communication can sometimes be perceived as harsh or direct, the concept of a “gentle start-up” may seem jarring, and unfamiliar. Traditional Asian households often prioritize directness and sometimes even bluntness in communication, leading to misunderstandings and conflicts within couples.

In fact, gentle start-up is actually aligned when the values of Asian households. Many Asian households emphasize respect towards loved ones. In such contexts, starting a conversation gently can be seen as a sign of respect, even if the content of the conversation is a complaint.

Maintaining harmony is a fundamental value within Asian households as well. A gentle start-up not only reflects respect but also serves to preserve the equilibrium within the relationship. Initiating a conversation gently reinforces the importance of the relationship. This approach communicates that the relationship is more significant than any temporary disagreement or frustration.

In Asian households, collectivism and interdependence are deeply rooted cultural values. These values emphasize the interconnectedness of the couple and the idea that their actions and words can impact the entire relationship.

The gentle start-up approach aligns with these values and aims to minimize the emotional impact of difficult moments within the family. By choosing a more respectful and considerate tone, family members can navigate challenging conversations with minimal emotional harm, ultimately promoting healthier and more harmonious family dynamics.

Benefits of Gentle Start-Ups:

Enhanced Understanding:
- Initiating a conversation gently allows both partners to approach the topic with an open mind, fostering better understanding and empathy.
Reduced Defensiveness:
- A harsh start to a conversation can trigger defensiveness, making it challenging to resolve issues. A gentle start-up can minimize this defensiveness, leading to more productive discussions.
Conflict Resolution:
- By using a gentle approach, couples can create a safe space for addressing concerns and resolving conflicts constructively.

In Asian households, the importance of gentle start-ups in couples’ communication becomes evident when considering the cultural dynamics at play. While directness and bluntness have their place, employing a gentle approach can foster understanding, reduce defensiveness, and facilitate healthy conflict resolution. It’s a harmonious blend of traditional values and effective communication techniques that can lead to stronger, more resilient relationships in the context of diverse Asian households.

Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)

Symptoms of an SLD

Severity of SLDs