Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Have you ever felt like you were constantly on edge or in a state of tension and restlessness? Do you tend to worry a lot, even when there’s no reason? There is an explanation for that. Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental health condition characterized by persistent and excessive worry about various events or activities in one’s life.

This worry can encompass a wide range of concerns, from being late for work to worrying about health or even worrying about worrying. The difficulty in controlling this worry can significantly impact daily life, including social interactions, school, and work. In Singapore, the prevalence of GAD reached 1.6% in adults aged 18 years and above in 2016.

Signs and Symptoms of GAD

GAD can manifest through various physical and mental symptoms such as:

  • Persistent and excessive worry about various events or activities
  • Feeling restless, wound-up, or on edge
  • Being easily fatigued
  • Difficulty concentrating or having the mind go blank
  • Irritability
  • Muscle tension
  • Sleeping changes (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep)

Adults must experience three or more of these symptoms for at least six months for a formal diagnosis. Children need to exhibit one or more, with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for the past six months. This anxiety is distressing and causes dysfunction in their daily lives.

Diagnosis typically involves a clinical interview, self-reported questionnaires, and sometimes physical exams to rule out other conditions, such as hyperthyroidism, which may mimic the symptoms of GAD.

Mental health professionals use criteria from the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) to make a diagnosis.

Causes of Generalised Anxiety Disorder

While the exact cause of GAD is not fully understood, it likely results from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors.

Genetic Basis: A family history of diagnosis increases the likelihood of developing the disorder, suggesting a hereditary component.

Environmental Causes: Exposure to abuse, bullying, stressful events, or past traumatic experiences can trigger GAD.

Biological Factors: Differences in brain structure and connections, along with a higher sensitivity to threat, are also associated with GAD. Notably, it is twice as common in females than in males.

Treatment for Generalised Anxiety Disorder

Psychotherapy:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a highly effective form of psychotherapy for GAD. It helps individuals identify unhelpful thinking patterns and behaviours that contribute to anxiety.

CBT can increase tolerance to uncertainty and anxiety, and practice doing things they fear without using reassurance or habits they previously used to reduce anxiety.

For instance, a teenager worried about school work might be encouraged to complete homework with only one review and without seeking reassurance, helping them learn that the outcome isn't as catastrophic as they fear.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a helpful approach that aims to reduce psychological distress by focusing on thoughts and feelings without judgment and taking action based on values rather than on fear or anxious thoughts.

ACT can increase mental flexibility, help disconnect from anxious thoughts, and teach skills for tolerating anxiety.

While CBT and ACT are common approaches to managing GAD, several types of therapy can help. Each person is unique, and what works for one person may not be the best fit for another, so it is important to work with your therapist to find the most suitable approach for you.

Medication:

Anti-anxiety medications such as Lorazepam (Ativan) and certain antidepressants like Sertraline (Zoloft) can alleviate symptoms. However, medication mainly provides relief from symptoms rather than curing the anxiety. Some may experience side effects or increased dependence on these medications.

Lifestyle Changes:

Regular physical activity, healthy eating, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques can also help manage the symptoms.

Generalised Anxiety Disorder vs. Other Conditions

  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder vs. PTSD: GAD involves general anxiety about various aspects of life, while PTSD is triggered by a specific traumatic event.
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder vs. Social Anxiety: GAD involves anxiety about a range of activities, whereas Social Anxiety Disorder focuses on social situations.
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder vs. Panic Disorder: GAD involves persistent worry, while Panic Disorder involves sudden, intense panic attacks.
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder vs. ADHD/Autism: GAD is an anxiety disorder, whereas ADHD and Autism are neurodevelopmental disorders with different primary symptoms.

Living with Generalised Anxiety Disorder

Can a Person with GAD Live a Normal Life?

Yes, with the right treatment and support, individuals can still live a fulfilling and productive life. By learning coping strategies and making small changes to your daily routine, you can greatly improve how you feel and manage your anxiety.

If you or someone you know is struggling with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Psychology Blossom is here to help.

Our dedicated team of professional psychologists and counsellors offers compassionate and effective support to help you manage your anxiety and lead a fulfilling life.

Contact us today to learn more about our services and start your journey towards better mental health.

150 Cecil Street #07-02
Wing on Life Building
Singapore 069543

Message: +65 8800 0554

Phone: +65 8686 8592

[email protected]

While it can be a chronic condition, many people learn to manage their symptoms effectively with appropriate treatment and support such as therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.